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Thompson Book Free Download. Other Useful Links. Your Comments About This Post. Is our service is satisfied, Anything want to say? If the force is going to pull the material, the stress is said to be tensile stress and compressive stress develops when the material is being compressed by two opposing forces. Shear stress is developed if the applied force is parallel to the resisting area. Example is the bolt that holds the tension rod in its anchor.
Another condition of shearing is when we twist a bar along its longitudinal axis. This type of shearing is called torsion and covered in Chapter 3. Another type of simple stress is the bearing stress, it is the contact pressure between two bodies. Suspension bridges are good example of structures that carry these stresses.
The weight of the vehicle is carried by the bridge deck and passes the force to the stringers vertical cables , which in turn, supported by the main suspension cables. The suspension cables then transferred the force into bridge towers. Normal Stress Stress Stress is the expression of force applied to a unit area of surface. Another unit of stress which is not commonly used is the dynes cgs unit. Stress is the ratio of force over area.
Normal Stress The resisting area is perpendicular to the applied force, thus normal. There are two types of normal stresses; tensile stress and compressive stress. Tensile stress applied to bar tends the bar to elongate while compressive stress tend to shorten the bar.
The maximum stress in tension or compression occurs over a section normal to the load. Solution Problem A homogeneous kg bar AB is supported at either end by a cable as shown in Fig. Calculate the smallest area of each cable if the stress is not to exceed 90 MPa in bronze and MPa in steel.
P is supported by a smooth pin at C and a cable that runs from A to B around the smooth peg at D. Find the stress in the cable if its diameter is 0. Solution Problem A rod is composed of an aluminum section rigidly attached between steel and bronze sections, as shown in Fig. Axial loads are applied at the positions indicated. P- The stress in either wire is not to exceed 30 ksi. The cross-sectional areas of wires AB and AC are 0. Solution Problem A inches square steel bearing plate lies between an 8-inches diameter wooden post and a concrete footing as shown in Fig.
Determine the maximum value of the load P if the stress in wood is limited to psi and that in concrete to psi. The crosssectional area of each member is 1. Indicate tension T or compression C. P above. The stresses are not to exceed 20 ksi in tension and 14 ksi in compression. A reduced stress in compression is specified to reduce the danger of buckling.
Indicate the tension or compression. The cross sectional area of each member is mm2. P is supported by a cable that runs from A to B around the smooth peg at E, a vertical cable at C, and a smooth inclined surface at D. Determine the mass of the heaviest bar that can be supported if the stress in each cable is limited to MPa.
The area of the cable AB is mm2 and that of the cable at C is mm2. It differs to tensile and compressive stresses, which are caused by forces perpendicular to the area on which they act. Shearing stress is also known as tangential stress. The compressive stress in the punch is limited to 50 ksi. Solution Problem Find the smallest diameter bolt that can be used in the clevis shown in Fig.
The shearing strength of the bolt is MPa. Solution Problem A mm-diameter pulley is prevented from rotating relative to mm-diameter shaft by a mm-long key, as shown in Fig. Solution Problem Compute the shearing stress in the pin at B for the member supported as shown in Fig.
The pin diameter is 20 mm. Determine the smallest diameter pin that can be used at A if the shearing stress is limited to psi. Assume single shear. P, compute the maximum force P that can be applied by the machine operator, if the shearing stress in the pin at B and the axial stress in the control rod at C are limited to psi and psi, respectively. The diameters are 0. Assume single shear for the pin at B.
Using the free-body diagram concept in Fig. Solution Problem A rectangular piece of wood, 50 mm by mm in cross section, is used as a compression block shown in Fig.
Hint: Use the results in Problem It differs from compressive stress, as it is an internal stress caused by compressive forces. The allowable stresses are MPa for bearing in the plate material and 60 MPa for shearing of rivet. Determine a the minimum thickness of each plate; and b the largest average tensile stress in the plates. Calculate the maximum safe load P that can be applied if the shearing stress in the rivets is limited to 14 ksi and the bearing stress in the plates is limited to 18 ksi.
Assume the applied load is uniformly distributed among the four rivets. Solution Problem In the clevis shown in Fig. Find the allowable load on the connection. The nut is tightened to cause a tensile stress of 18 ksi in the bolt. Compute the shearing stress in the head of the bolt and in the threads.
Solution Problem Figure P shows a roof truss and the detail of the riveted connection at joint B. Member BE? What is the largest average tensile or compressive stress in BC and BE?
The length of the tank is L and the wall thickness is t. Calculate the allowable internal pressure if the stress is limited to psi. Solution Problem Calculate the minimum wall thickness for a cylindrical vessel that is to carry a gas at a pressure of psi. The diameter of the vessel is 2 ft, and the stress is limited to 12 ksi. The diameter of the pressure vessel is mm and its length is 2.
Determine the maximum internal pressure that can be applied if the longitudinal stress is limited to MPa, and the circumferential stress is limited to 60 MPa. Find the maximum height to which the tank may be filled if the circumferential stress is limited to psi. The specific weight of water is Calculate the maximum diameter of the cylinder tank if the internal pressure is psi.
At what revolutions per minute rpm will the stress reach 30 ksi if the mean radius is 10 in.? The density of steel 7. Solution Problem The tank shown in Fig. Calculate the maximum longitudinal and circumferential stress caused by an internal pressure of psi. A gasket is inserted between the flange at one end of the pipe and a flat plate used to cap the end.
How many mm-diameter bolts must be used to hold the cap on if the allowable stress in the bolts is 80 MPa, of which 55 MPa is the initial stress?
What circumferential stress is developed in the pipe? Why is it necessary to tighten the bolt initially, and what will happen if the steam pressure should cause the stress in the bolts to be twice the value of the initial stress? Stress-Strain Diagram Suppose that a metal specimen be placed in tension-compression testing machine.
As the axial load is gradually increased in increments, the total elongation over the gage length is measured at each increment of the load and this is continued until failure of the specimen takes place. The stress-strain diagram differs in form for various materials. The diagram shown below is that for a medium carbon structural steel. Metallic engineering materials are classified as either ductile or brittle materials.
A ductile material is one having relatively large tensile strains up to the point of rupture like structural steel and aluminum, whereas brittle materials has a relatively small strain up to the point of rupture like cast iron and concrete.
An arbitrary strain of 0. This linear relation between elongation and the axial force causing was first noticed by Sir Robert Hooke in and is called Hooke's Law that within the proportional limit, the stress is directly proportional to strain or The constant of proportionality k is called the Modulus of Elasticity E or Young's Modulus and is equal to the slope of the stress-strain diagram from O to P.
Then ELASTIC LIMIT The elastic limit is the limit beyond which the material will no longer go back to its original shape when the load is removed, or it is the maximum stress that may e developed such that there is no permanent or residual deformation when the load is entirely removed.
The region from P to R is called the plastic range. This is also known as the breaking strength. This may be calculated as the area under the stress-strain curve from the origin O to up to the elastic limit E the shaded area in the figure.
The resilience of the material is its ability to absorb energy without creating a permanent distortion. This may be calculated as the area under the entire stress-strain curve from O to R. The toughness of a material is its ability to absorb energy without causing it to break. The maximum safe stress that a material can carry is termed as the allowable stress. The allowable stress should be limited to values not exceeding the proportional limit.
However, since proportional limit is difficult to determine accurately, the allowable tress is taken as either the yield point or ultimate strength divided by a factor of safety. The ratio of this strength ultimate or yield strength to allowable strength is called the factor of safety. If however, the cross- sectional area is not uniform, the axial deformation can be determined by considering a differential length and applying integration. If however, the cross-sectional area is not uniform, the axial deformation can be determined by considering a differential length and applying integration.
It supports a tensile load of 20 kN at the lower end. Solution Problem A steel wire 30 ft long, hanging vertically, supports a load of lb. Neglecting the weight of the wire, determine the required diameter if the stress is not to exceed 20 ksi and the total elongation is not to exceed 0. Solution Problem A steel tire, 10 mm thick, 80 mm wide, and If the coefficient of static friction is 0. Neglect the deformation of the wheel. Assume the bar is suitably braced to prevent lateral buckling. Solution Problem Solve Prob.
About Strength Of Material. Strength Of Material is the branch of physics concerned with the Strength Of Material liquids, gases, and plasmas and the forces on them. It has applications in a wide range of disciplines, including mechanical, civil, chemical and biomedical engineering, geophysics, oceanography, meteorology, astrophysics, and biology.
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